When modern readers hear the word hell, they usually imagine a place of endless torture for human souls. But that picture does not come from the earliest Jewish texts. One of the most important sources shaping early Jewish and early Christian thought on judgment is the Book of 1 Enoch. …

I know—talking about hell makes many Christians squirm in their chairs. Yet I believe hell is perhaps the most crucial yet misunderstood doctrine in Western Christian theology. This is partly because those who believe in Eternal Conscious Torment (ECT) rarely take the time to study the doctrine in its original …